浅析getway网关


一、网关基本概念

1、API网关介绍

API网关出现的原因是微服务架构的出现,不同的微服务一般会有不同的网络地址,而外部客户端可能需要调用多个服务的接口才能完成一个业务需求,如果让客户端直接与各个微服务通信,会有以下的问题:

(1)客户端会多次请求不同的微服务,增加了客户端的复杂性。

(2)存在跨域请求,在一定场景下处理相对复杂。

(3)认证复杂,每个服务都需要独立认证。

(4)难以重构,随着项目的迭代,可能需要重新划分微服务。例如,可能将多个服务合并成一个或者将一个服务拆分成多个。如果客户端直接与微服务通信,那么重构将会很难实施。

(5)某些微服务可能使用了防火墙/浏览器不友好的协议,直接访问会有一定的困难。

以上这些问题可以借助API网关解决。API网关是介于客户端和服务器端之间的中间层,所有的外部请求都会先经过API网关这一层。也就是说,API的实现方面更多的考虑业务逻辑,而安全、性能、监控可以交由API网关来做,这样既提高业务灵活性又不缺安全性

(6)getway可以实现nginx的请求转发和跨域(@CrossOrigin也可以实现跨域)。

负载均衡:把请求平均分配到多台服务器上。集群部署,部署2台service-edu服务,只有端口号不同,项目都一样。

2、Spring Cloud Gateway

Spring cloud gateway是spring官方基于Spring 5.0、Spring Boot2.0和Project Reactor等技术开发的网关,Spring Cloud Gateway旨在为微服务架构提供简单、有效和统一的API路由管理方式,Spring Cloud Gateway作为Spring Cloud生态系统中的网关,目标是替代Netflix Zuul,其不仅提供统一的路由方式,并且还基于Filer链的方式提供了网关基本的功能,例如:安全、监控/埋点、限流等。

网关和服务都在Nacos注册,注册之后通过Getway网关在访问相应的服务

3、Spring Cloud Gateway核心概念

网关提供API全托管服务,丰富的API管理功能,辅助企业管理大规模的API,以降低管理成本和安全风险,包括协议适配、协议转发、安全策略、防刷、流量、监控日志等贡呢。一般来说网关对外暴露的URL或者接口信息,我们统称为路由信息。如果研发过网关中间件或者使用过Zuul的人,会知道网关的核心是Filter以及Filter Chain(Filter责任链)。Sprig Cloud Gateway也具有路由和Filter的概念。下面介绍一下Spring Cloud Gateway中几个重要的概念。

(1)路由。路由是网关最基础的部分,路由信息有一个ID、一个目的URL、一组断言和一组Filter组成。如果断言路由为真,则说明请求的URL和配置匹配

(2)断言。Java8中的断言函数。Spring Cloud Gateway中的断言函数输入类型是Spring5.0框架中的ServerWebExchange。Spring Cloud Gateway中的断言函数允许开发者去定义匹配来自于http request中的任何信息,比如请求头和参数等,简单来讲就是一个匹配规则,如果匹配到就到Handler去处理。

(3)过滤器。一个标准的Spring webFilter。Spring cloud gateway中的filter分为两种类型的Filter,分别是Gateway Filter和Global Filter。过滤器Filter将会对请求和响应进行修改处理,统一异常处理,统一跨域处理等。

如上图所示,Spring cloud Gateway发出请求。然后再由Gateway Handler Mapping中找到与请求相匹配的路由,将其发送到Gateway web handler。Handler再通过指定的过滤器链将请求发送到我们实际的服务执行业务逻辑,然后返回。

二、getway网关例子

1、在infrastructure模块下创建api_gateway模块

2、在pom.xml引入依赖

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">    <parent>        <artifactId>infrastructure</artifactId>        <groupId>com.stu</groupId>        <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>    </parent>    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>    <artifactId>api_gateway</artifactId>    <dependencies>        <dependency>            <groupId>com.stu</groupId>            <artifactId>common-utils</artifactId>            <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>        </dependency>        <dependency>            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>        </dependency>        <dependency>            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId>        </dependency>        <!--gson-->        <dependency>            <groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId>            <artifactId>gson</artifactId>        </dependency>        <!--服务调用-->        <dependency>            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>        </dependency>    </dependencies></project>

3、编写application.properties配置文件

# 服务端口server.port=8222# 服务名spring.application.name=service-gateway# nacos服务地址spring.cloud.nacos.discovery.server-addr=127.0.0.1:8848#使用服务发现路由,通过openfeign找到服务(nginx是通过配置文件的路径匹配发现服务)spring.cloud.gateway.discovery.locator.enabled=true#服务路由名小写#spring.cloud.gateway.discovery.locator.lower-case-service-id=true#配置service-edu服务#设置路由id(id可以随便命名,建议用服务名称)spring.cloud.gateway.routes[0].id=service-edu#设置路由的urispring.cloud.gateway.routes[0].uri=lb://service-edu#设置路由断言,代理servicerId为auth-service的/auth/路径spring.cloud.gateway.routes[0].predicates= Path=/eduservice/**#配置service-edu服务spring.cloud.gateway.routes[1].id=service-msm## 服务名#spring.application.name=service-msmspring.cloud.gateway.routes[1].uri=lb://service-msmspring.cloud.gateway.routes[1].predicates= Path=/edumsm/**

yml文件:

server:  port: 8222spring:  application:  cloud:    gateway:      discovery:        locator:          enabled: true      routes:      - id: SERVICE-ACL        uri: lb://SERVICE-ACL        predicates:        - Path=/*/acl/** # 路径匹配      - id: SERVICE-EDU        uri: lb://SERVICE-EDU        predicates:        - Path=/eduservice/** # 路径匹配      - id: SERVICE-UCENTER        uri: lb://SERVICE-UCENTER        predicates:        - Path=/ucenter/** # 路径匹配    nacos:      discovery:        server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848

4、编写启动类

package com.stu.getway;import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;@SpringBootApplication@EnableDiscoveryClient//Nacos注册public class ApiGetwayApplication {    public static void main(String[] args) {        SpringApplication.run(ApiGetwayApplication.class,args);    }}

5、测试

通过nginx配置访问(8001)

通过getway配置访问(8222)

三、网关相关配置

1、网关解决跨域问题

(1)创建配置类

package com.stu.getway.config;import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.DiscoveryClient;import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.discovery.DiscoveryClientRouteDefinitionLocator;import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.discovery.DiscoveryLocatorProperties;import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.route.RouteDefinitionLocator;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;import org.springframework.http.HttpMethod;import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;import org.springframework.http.codec.ServerCodecConfigurer;import org.springframework.http.codec.support.DefaultServerCodecConfigurer;import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest;import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpResponse;import org.springframework.web.cors.CorsConfiguration;import org.springframework.web.cors.reactive.CorsUtils;import org.springframework.web.cors.reactive.CorsWebFilter;import org.springframework.web.cors.reactive.UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource;import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange;import org.springframework.web.server.WebFilter;import org.springframework.web.server.WebFilterChain;import org.springframework.web.util.pattern.PathPatternParser;import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;/** * <p> * 处理跨域 * </p> * * @author qy * @since 2019-11-21 */import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.web.cors.CorsConfiguration;import org.springframework.web.cors.reactive.CorsWebFilter;import org.springframework.web.cors.reactive.UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource;import org.springframework.web.util.pattern.PathPatternParser;/** * description: * * @author wangpeng * @date 2019/01/02 */@Configurationpublic class CorsConfig {    @Bean    public CorsWebFilter corsFilter() {        CorsConfiguration config = new CorsConfiguration();        config.addAllowedMethod("*");        config.addAllowedOrigin("*");        config.addAllowedHeader("*");        UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource source = new UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource(new PathPatternParser());        source.registerCorsConfiguration("/**", config);        return new CorsWebFilter(source);    }}

2、全局Filter,统一处理会员登录与外部不允许访问的服务

package com.stu.getway.filter;import com.google.gson.JsonObject;import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GatewayFilterChain;import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GlobalFilter;import org.springframework.core.Ordered;import org.springframework.core.io.buffer.DataBuffer;import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest;import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpResponse;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;import org.springframework.util.AntPathMatcher;import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange;import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;import java.util.List;/** * <p> * 全局Filter,统一处理会员登录与外部不允许访问的服务 * </p> * * @author qy * @since 2019-11-21 */@Componentpublic class AuthGlobalFilter implements GlobalFilter, Ordered {    private AntPathMatcher antPathMatcher = new AntPathMatcher();    @Override    public Mono<Void> filter(ServerWebExchange exchange, GatewayFilterChain chain) {        ServerHttpRequest request = exchange.getRequest();        String path = request.getURI().getPath();        //校验用户必须登录        if(antPathMatcher.match("/api/**/auth/**", path)) {            List<String> tokenList = request.getHeaders().get("token");            if(null == tokenList) {                ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();                return out(response);            } else {//                Boolean isCheck = JwtUtils.checkToken(tokenList.get(0));//                if(!isCheck) {                    ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();                    return out(response);//                }            }        }        //内部服务接口,不允许外部访问        if(antPathMatcher.match("/**/inner/**", path)) {            ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse();            return out(response);        }        return chain.filter(exchange);    }    @Override    public int getOrder() {        return 0;    }    private Mono<Void> out(ServerHttpResponse response) {        JsonObject message = new JsonObject();        message.addProperty("success", false);        message.addProperty("code", 28004);        message.addProperty("data", "鉴权失败");        byte[] bits = message.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);        DataBuffer buffer = response.bufferFactory().wrap(bits);        //response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED);        //指定编码,否则在浏览器中会中文乱码        response.getHeaders().add("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8");        return response.writeWith(Mono.just(buffer));    }}

3、自定义异常处理

服务网关调用服务时可能会有一些异常或服务不可用,它返回错误信息不友好,需要我们覆盖处理

ErrorHandlerConfig

package com.stu.getway.handler;import org.springframework.beans.factory.ObjectProvider;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ResourceProperties;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties;import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.EnableConfigurationProperties;import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorAttributes;import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorWebExceptionHandler;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.core.Ordered;import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order;import org.springframework.http.codec.ServerCodecConfigurer;import org.springframework.web.reactive.result.view.ViewResolver;import java.util.Collections;import java.util.List;/** * 覆盖默认的异常处理 * * @author yinjihuan * */@Configuration@EnableConfigurationProperties({ServerProperties.class, ResourceProperties.class})public class ErrorHandlerConfig {    private final ServerProperties serverProperties;    private final ApplicationContext applicationContext;    private final ResourceProperties resourceProperties;    private final List<ViewResolver> viewResolvers;    private final ServerCodecConfigurer serverCodecConfigurer;    public ErrorHandlerConfig(ServerProperties serverProperties,                                     ResourceProperties resourceProperties,                                     ObjectProvider<List<ViewResolver>> viewResolversProvider,                                        ServerCodecConfigurer serverCodecConfigurer,                                     ApplicationContext applicationContext) {        this.serverProperties = serverProperties;        this.applicationContext = applicationContext;        this.resourceProperties = resourceProperties;        this.viewResolvers = viewResolversProvider.getIfAvailable(Collections::emptyList);        this.serverCodecConfigurer = serverCodecConfigurer;    }    @Bean    @Order(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE)    public ErrorWebExceptionHandler errorWebExceptionHandler(ErrorAttributes errorAttributes) {        JsonExceptionHandler exceptionHandler = new JsonExceptionHandler(                errorAttributes,                this.resourceProperties,                this.serverProperties.getError(),                this.applicationContext);        exceptionHandler.setViewResolvers(this.viewResolvers);        exceptionHandler.setMessageWriters(this.serverCodecConfigurer.getWriters());        exceptionHandler.setMessageReaders(this.serverCodecConfigurer.getReaders());        return exceptionHandler;    }}

JsonExceptionHandler

package com.stu.getway.handler;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ErrorProperties;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ResourceProperties;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.reactive.error.DefaultErrorWebExceptionHandler;import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorAttributes;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;import org.springframework.web.reactive.function.server.*;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;/** * 自定义异常处理 * * <p>异常时用JSON代替HTML异常信息<p> * * @author yinjihuan * */public class JsonExceptionHandler extends DefaultErrorWebExceptionHandler {    public JsonExceptionHandler(ErrorAttributes errorAttributes, ResourceProperties resourceProperties,                                ErrorProperties errorProperties, ApplicationContext applicationContext) {        super(errorAttributes, resourceProperties, errorProperties, applicationContext);    }    /**     * 获取异常属性     */    @Override    protected Map<String, Object> getErrorAttributes(ServerRequest request, boolean includeStackTrace) {        Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();        map.put("success", false);        map.put("code", 20005);        map.put("message", "网关失败");        map.put("data", null);        return map;    }    /**     * 指定响应处理方法为JSON处理的方法     * @param errorAttributes     */    @Override    protected RouterFunction<ServerResponse> getRoutingFunction(ErrorAttributes errorAttributes) {        return RouterFunctions.route(RequestPredicates.all(), this::renderErrorResponse);    }    /**     * 根据code获取对应的HttpStatus     * @param errorAttributes     */    @Override    protected int getHttpStatus(Map<String, Object> errorAttributes) {        return 200;    }}

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